In cultures that score lower on Hofstede's power distance dimension, managers throughout the organization are often involved in strategy discussions. The responsibility for strategy is spread more widely among the ranks Younger, less experienced managers are expected to participate in strategy formation processes, together with their senior colleagues. In general, this leads to a more open, messy and lively debate about the organization's strategy and provokes more intuitive strategic thinking. Therefore, it can be expected that in less hierarchical cultures the holistic reasoning perspective will be more popular than in cultures with stronger hierarchical relations.